Case report

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in a case of Danon disease

Dorota Piotrowska-Kownacka^1,2 , Lukasz Kownacki¹ , Marek Kuch³ , Ewa Walczak⁴ , Agnieszka Kosieradzka³ , Anna Fidzianska⁵ and Leszek Krolicki⁶

¹  II Department of Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

²  I Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

³  II Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

⁴  Department of Pathomorphology, Rheumatology Institute, Warsaw, Poland

⁵  Neuromuscular Unit, Medical Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland

⁶  Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

author email corresponding author email

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2009, 11:12doi:10.1186/1532-429X-11-12

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/11/1/12

Received:	6 January 2009
Accepted:	29 April 2009
Published:	29 April 2009

© 2009 Piotrowska-Kownacka et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Danon disease is a rare X-linked dominant lysosomal glycogen storage disease that can lead to severe ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. We report a case of Danon disease with cardiac involvement evaluated with cardiovascular magnetic resonance, including late gadolinium enhancement and perfusion studies.

Case presentation

A 19 year old male with no previous history of heart disease was admitted with rest dyspnoea, found to be due to acute heart failure. He had felt fatigued with progressive limitation of exercise tolerance over the preceding 3 months. Symptoms were exacerbated by an upper respiratory tract infection one month before hospitalization. The patient was treated with antibiotics without noticeable improvement. The patient's mother had died suddenly at the age of 44 with a dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown cause for which she had had a pacemaker implanted.

On admission, the patient was cachectic with a body mass index of 17 and in poor general condition, with rest dyspnoea, tachypnoea of 30/minute and tachycardia of 130/minute. His liver was enlarged, there was evidence of pulmonary oedema and a systolic murmur, maximal at the apex.

Blood analysis showed elevated liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase 192 units/L; alanine aminotransferase 400 u/L and creatine kinase 510 u/L) and mildly elevated Troponin I and C-reactive protein levels. Chest X-ray confirmed pulmonary oedema and showed an enlarged heart shadow. Sinus tachycardia and left bundle branch block with QRS duration >200 ms were present on electrocardiogram.

Echocardiography on admission revealed significantly enlarged left ventricle and both atria, severe hypertrophy of both ventricles muscle without left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Moderate tricuspid and severe mitral valve insufficiency, decreased left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction to 30% with global hypokinesis were observed.

The patient was referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), which was performed on a 1.5 T system with 4 element torso coil. Oxygen was supplied by mask throughout the study at a flow rate of 3 l/min. Function was assessed with steady state free precession (SSFP) sequence in short axis slices covering the ventricles and in 4-chamber, 2-chamber and LVOT orientations. Perfusion was assessed at rest only in 8 short axis slices using a gradient echo sequence with inversion recovery during and after intravenous administration of Gadopentate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA, 0,15 mmol/kg). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) images were obtained after 10–20 min in short axis and 4 chamber orientations. Inversion time was adjusted to null the signal from normal LV myocardium.

The CMR study showed significantly reduced global function with left ventricular EF of 14%. (Additional file 1) Left ventricular end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volumes (ESV) were increased (EDV 497 ml, ESV 426 ml). LV dimension was 81 × 94 mm in the short axis orientation. Significant dilatation of the right ventricle and both atria were confirmed. Tricuspid and mitral valve insufficiency were clearly visible on 4 chamber cine images and velocity encoded images in short axis orientation at valve level. (Figure 1)

Perfusion defects, mainly subendocardial, were visible in almost all segments on first pass images acquired at rest. They were obvious in the infero-septal segments and partly transmural in the lateral and anterior walls (Figure 2, Additional file 2). LGE was present in the subendocardium and in places transmurally in the anterior and lateral walls. A small LGE region was present in RV inferior junctional region. (Fig. 3)

The patterns of LGE and perfusion deficit were atypical for sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and based on the CMR findings, myocarditis was considered unlikely. An ischaemic cause of the subendocardial LGE was considered, but the lack of correspondence with typical coronary territories and the combination with the severe hypertrophy of affected segments made this unlikely. Other causes of hypertrophy, including amyloidosis and Anderson-Fabry disease were also considered, but the LGE pattern did not seem typical. In Anderson-Fabry disease, the basal segments are predominantly affected. In amyloidosis, LGE can include subepicardial layers, but with a characteristic "zebra" pattern, and early decline of contrast levels in the blood stream.

A diagnosis of Danon disease was confirmed by biopsy results. Skeletal muscle and endomyocardial biopsy from the right ventricle (RV) and the septum were taken. Electron microscopic analysis showed accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in affected cardiomyocytes. They were located within intrafibrillar spaces as well as in the perinuclear region (Figure 4). Many of these structures resembled early autophagic vacuoles (AVi) containing morphologically intact sarcoplasmatic contents (Figure 5) and double limiting membrane. A significant increase in the number of late autophagic vacuoles (AVd) limited by a single membrane and containing partially degraded sarcoplasm (Figure 6) suggests that their maturation is partially retarded. LAMP-2 protein deficiency which was detected by immunofluorescence study in striated muscle of the patient supported the diagnosis of Danon disease. The patient was treated for heart failure and placed on the heart transplantation list, but he died two weeks later.

Danon disease is a rare X – linked dominant, lysosomal glycogen storage disease that can lead to severe cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure especially in affected males. It was described first in 1981 in two boys by Moris J. Danon [1]. Mutation on LAMP2 gene, located on chromosome X, than encodes LAMP2 protein was identified as a cause of Danon Disease [2]. The X-linked disease should be considered in young males with cardiac hypertrophy and coexisting mental retardation/learning difficulties, skeletal myopathy or muscle weakness [3,4]. In some cases ophthalmic abnormalities [5] or WPW syndrome were reported [3,6]. Females who carry the mutation in the LAMP2 gene on chromosome X could develop dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in their early 40s. Mental retardation or skeletal myopathy can be present in female carriers, but less commonly than in affected males [4].

We present case of Danon disease confirmed by biopsy. As far as we know, this is the second description of CMR rest perfusion deficits and LGE in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to Danon disease [7]). In the case reported here, the LGE was mainly visible in the subendocardium and more extensively in the lateral segments in a distribution that would be unusual in more common pathologies [8]. Broadly similar LGE distribution and perfusion defects were seen in the previously described patient with preserved EF and only mild contractile dysfunction [7] (Figure 7). CMR examination with assessment of perfusion deficits and LGE can, in association with other investigations, be helpful in differential diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of unknown cause.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the deceased patient's next of the kin (sister) for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

DPK and LKo contributed equally to this paper and should be considered joint first authors. They drafted the manuscript, performed CMR and interpreted CMR images. MK was patients cardiologists and wrote the clinical part of the manuscript. AK performed and interpreted ECHO. EW performed biopsy and established final diagnosis of Danon disease. EW and AF interpreted biopsy results. LKr helped write and rewrote the manuscript.

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   Case of the week 08–15

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