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Acute reperfusion intramyocardial hemorrhage leads to regional chronic iron deposition in the heart
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance volume 15, Article number: P174 (2013)
Background
Intramyocardial hemorrhage commonly occurs in large reperfused myocardial infarctions. However, its long-term fate remains unexplored. We hypothesized that acute reperfusion intramyocardial hemorrhage leads to chronic iron deposition.
Methods
Fifteen patients (mean age = 58±8 years; 3 women), who underwent successful angioplasty for first STEMI, were recruited following informed consent. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging (1.5T) was performed on day 3 and month 6 post-angioplasty. 2D T2* maps (6 TEs = 2.6-13.7 ms; ΔTE=2.2ms) and Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) images of the entire left ventricle (LV) were acquired. Threshold-based image analysis was performed to identify remote, hemorrhagic (Hemo+) and non-hemorrhagic (Hemo-) myocardium.
Fourteen canines, subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury (3 hours of LAD occlusion followed by reperfusion), underwent CMR (1.5T) on days 3 and 56 post-I-R injury. Three sham-operated animals (Shams) were also studied using CMR at similar time points. 2D T2* maps (6 TEs = 3.4-18.4 ms; ΔTE=3.0ms) and LGE images of the entire LV were acquired. Threshold-based image analysis was performed to identify remote, Hemo+ and Hemo- myocardium. Subsequently, animals were euthanized (day 56), hearts were excised and imaged ex-vivo. Sections of Hemo+, Hemo-, remote and Sham myocardium were isolated and histology was performed. The concentration of iron ([Fe]) within each type of tissue was measured using mass spectrometry.
Results
Six months post-angioplasty, mean T2* of the scar tissue in patients with Hemo+ infarctions (n=11 as determined by T2* losses within the infarct on day 3 CMR; Figure 1) was 40% lower than that of remote myocardium, suggesting chronic iron deposition (p<0.001). In contrast, mean T2* of Hemo- infarctions (n=4) was not significantly different from that of remote myocardium at both 3 days and 6 months post-angioplasty (p=0.51).
In canines, in-vivo mean T2* of Hemo+ myocardium was 40% lower than those of Sham, remote and Hemo- myocardium (p<0.001) at both 3 days and 56 days post-I-R injury (Figure 2B). Similarly, mean ex-vivo T2* of Hemo+ myocardium was 40% lower than those of Sham, remote and Hemo- myocardium (p<0.001; Figure 2C). Perl's stain confirmed localized chronic iron deposition only within Hemo+ infarctions. Mean [Fe] of Hemo+ infarctions was nearly 10-fold higher than those of Sham, remote and Hemo- myocardium (p<0.001; Figure 2D). A strong linear relationship was observed between log(ex-vivo T2*) and -log([Fe]) (R2=0.7; p<0.001; Figure 2E).
Conclusions
Acute reperfusion intramyocardial hemorrhage leads to regional chronic iron deposition within the infarct zones. T2* CMR can accurately characterize localized chronic iron deposition following reperfusion-induced myocardial hemorrhage. The clinical significance of this finding remains to be investigated.
Funding
This work was supported in part by grants from American Heart Association (SDG 0735099N) and National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute (HL091989).
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Kali, A., Cokic, I., Kumar, A. et al. Acute reperfusion intramyocardial hemorrhage leads to regional chronic iron deposition in the heart. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 15 (Suppl 1), P174 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-15-S1-P174
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-15-S1-P174